Leveraging AI LLMs to Counter Social Engineering: A Psychological Hack-Back Strategy

In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity, businesses and individuals find themselves in a relentless battle against the surge of cybercrime, which continues to escalate in complexity and frequency. Despite the significant investments in cutting-edge cybersecurity solutions, the financial toll of cybercrime persists, with costs escalating annually. Among the myriad of cyber threats, social engineering attacks, notably phishing and business email compromise (BEC), stand out for their prevalence and the multifaceted impact they wield on businesses. These attacks exploit human psychology rather than technical vulnerabilities, making them particularly insidious and challenging to counter.

A Shift to Innovative Approaches

As organizations grapple with these challenges, the focus has increasingly shifted towards innovative strategies to bolster defenses against social engineering. Security awareness training has emerged as a critical pillar in this endeavor, aiming to equip individuals with the knowledge and tools to recognize and respond to such threats. Herein lies the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Large Language Models (LLMs) to revolutionize the fight against social engineering.

For instance, LLMs can generate communications that mimic phishing emails but are designed to educate users about the hallmarks of such attacks, turning attempted breaches into real-time learning opportunities. Moreover, LLMs can be trained to identify patterns in the language and strategies used by cybercriminals, thereby predicting and neutralizing attacks before they reach their intended targets. By analyzing the evolving tactics of social engineers, AI can help in crafting deceptive countermeasures that mislead attackers, waste their resources, and ultimately deter them from pursuing their malicious objectives.

The integration of AI LLMs into cybersecurity strategies represents a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive defense mechanisms. By targeting the psychological underpinnings of social engineering, organizations can disrupt the effectiveness of these attacks, not through technical barriers alone but by manipulating the very biases that attackers exploit.

However, while this approach is indispensable, it addresses only one side of the equation. The intriguing aspect of social engineering lies in the fact that attackers, despite their nefarious intentions, are human and, as such, are subject to inherent biases and psychological patterns. This realization opens up a novel battleground: the minds of the attackers themselves. AI LLMs, with their ability to process and generate human-like text, offer a unique avenue to ‘hack back’ psychologically at social engineers.

The Enterprise Strikes Back

These considerations triggered the conceptualization of a ‘HackBot’ to reverse social engineering tactics. That is the subject of the latest research paper by Mary Aiken and Diane Janosek of Capitol Technology University and Michael Lundie, Adam Amos-Binks, and Kira Lindke of Applied Research Associates.

Titled “The Enterprise Strikes Back: Conceptualizing the HackBot – Reversing Social Engineering in the Cyber Defense Context” (a clear nod to StarTrek’s “The Empire Strikes Back”), the paper suggests “the conceptualization of the “HackBot” – an automated strike back innovation, specifically devised to reverse socially engineered attacks in cyber defense contexts.”

The paper’s authors note that there is a paradigm shift from passive to active cyber defense, with researchers assessing “whether disruptive cognitive techniques aimed at the attacker’s mental limits and biases could be applied.” A recent National Cyber Force (NCF) report outlined how the UK is taking a new approach to conducting offensive cyber operations with a focus on disrupting information environments.

This approach introduces the “cognitive effect” doctrine, which aims to counter adversarial behavior by exploiting digital technology reliance. Consequently, offensive cyber operations can restrict an adversary’s ability to collect, distribute, and trust information.

The HackBot concept recognizes that cybersecurity involves both technological elements and human psychology and that understanding the human aspect of cyberattacks is crucial for effective defense. The authors highlight ten psychological vulnerabilities associated with cyber criminals, which the ‘HackBot’ could exploit to establish respective counter-attack patterns. These vulnerabilities include:

1. Trust bias
2. Online disinhibition
3. Impulsivity
4. Risk-taking
5. Cognitive overload
6. Reward seeking
7. Paraphilias
8. Dark personality traits
9. Affective and emotional attributes
10. Attentional tunneling

According to the research paper, the task of ‘HackBot’ is to generate text that can be used in the framework of a social engineering attack. This involves understanding the context of the specific type of attack, being able to handle a variety of different attacks, and producing dialogue that is typical of the attacker’s target. One way to approach this problem is to utilize pre-trained LLMs and fine-tune them with real-world incident reports of social engineering attacks. LLMs are particularly well-suited for this task because they are widely available, require relatively few examples of downstream tasks, and can easily adapt to new contexts.

The goal of the ‘HackBot’ is to serve “as an effective honeypot for cyber attackers, engaging them in prolonged, deceptive interactions distracting and draining resources, and specifically conceptualized to reverse socially engineered attacks in cyber defense contexts.”

In conclusion, as cyber threats become increasingly sophisticated, leveraging AI LLMs to counteract social engineering by ‘hacking back’ at the psychological vulnerabilities of attackers offers a promising frontier in cybersecurity. This approach not only augments existing defensive measures but also paves the way for a more adaptive, intelligent, and ultimately effective cybersecurity posture. In the arms race against cybercrime, the psychological hack-back strategy signifies a critical step forward in turning the tables on social engineers.

Editor’s Note: The opinions expressed in this guest author article are solely those of the contributor and do not necessarily reflect those of Tripwire.