The Intersection of Public Policy and Cybersecurity: Building a Framework for 2025 and Beyond

Introduction

In a report published by Statista, cybercrime cost the world over $9 trillion in 2024 and is predicted to rise to nearly $14 trillion by 2028. These figures are a deep source of worry for governments and private businesses about what’s next in the cyber threat landscape.

The problem is that cyber threats are rising in both volume and scale. More so, the major threats are directed at emerging technologies, aiming to capitalize on weaknesses in emerging AI and ML systems. Cyber threats increasingly play a role in international conflicts, such as the recent reports of the “salt-typhoon” attack against US telecom companies.

To this end, governments face a dual responsibility. First, they must secure their people and critical infrastructure from bad actors. Second, this must be achieved without overly limiting innovation, especially within the private sector.

To meet this challenge, policymakers need to devise new strategies other than purely technical solutions. In 2025, we need to start discussing a fundamentally new digital social contract between the public and private sectors.

How Public Policy Features in Cybersecurity Regulation

There is no doubt that public policy is crucial for cybersecurity regulation. There needs to be a change in how this is approached. Some key areas of development in cybersecurity regulatory strategies include:

Balancing Prescriptive Regulation with Innovation

One challenge of public policy in establishing protections is that too much rigidity must be avoided. We live in a time when cyber threats advance at a pace that traditional regulatory timelines cannot match. Yet, emerging technological advancements require adaptable cybersecurity tactics for responsible innovation.

The typical approach to this has been policymakers compromising by implementing outcome-based regulations while refraining from prescribing specific methods. This is the approach used by data privacy regulations such as the GDPR and the EU AI Act. However, while it’s seemingly effective, this approach risks ambiguity.

Cybersecurity stakeholders understand that core safeguards must come with clear, specific mandates. These can then further be aligned with adaptable outcome-driven strategies for frontline technologies. It is this kind of balanced framework that maintains security while encouraging progress.

Public Priorities in Investment

Cybersecurity funding has always been a critical issue. There was a rise in funding in 2021, but afterward, there was a steep decline. Since then, cybersecurity funding has fluctuated without recovering to its 2021 levels, according to data from Bessemer Venture Partners.

For years, experts have resorted to reactive problem-solving (which is what happens when funding is insufficient), but this austerity approach is still the standard practice in cybersecurity. Often, and wrongly, resources are only mobilized after threats materialize, whereas they should be preemptive. This kind of approach complicates strategic investment and even promotes cyber risks.

Balance is necessary when creating any public policy on cybersecurity. Public confidence is essential because the public does not always have sufficient information to judge certain cybersecurity investments positively. The government needs to secure voter’s confidence through transparency.

Wide Cybersecurity Responsibility

Recent research indicates that the number of annual cybersecurity incident reports by federal agencies in the US exceeded 32,000. Indeed, cybersecurity responsibility is a challenge for policymakers since different stakeholders perceive digital risks with varying urgency and a sense of commitment. Aligning these perspectives and motivating action remains a critical obstacle in developing comprehensive cyber defense.

Despite rising awareness of cyber threats, decision-makers remain fixated on short-term cybersecurity costs. The private sector, which controls most IT infrastructure, often hesitates to shoulder responsibility, mainly when effective public-private collaboration is crucial for all-encompassing digital defense.

Cybersecurity policy requires an approach that balances security imperatives and privacy protections. Effective regulations require engaging diverse stakeholders—technologists, civil society, and industry leaders—to develop dexterous, evidence-based frameworks that maintain public trust while addressing digital vulnerabilities.

Research and Development in Cybersecurity

Research and Development (R&D) are major components in any effective public policy, and success depends on getting government agencies, businesses, and universities to work together strategically. According to the Global Cybersecurity Index 2024, about 127 countries report some form of cybersecurity R&D.

However, one obstacle is that cybersecurity innovation often stalls when organizations don’t share data effectively. Smart public policies can help overcome these challenges when they incentivize data-sharing, build secure systems for joint research, and develop trust between companies, universities, and government agencies. This helps speed up innovation and tackle cybersecurity problems more efficiently.

Cybersecurity technologies are a double-edged sword. When researchers develop new tools for defense, these same tools can often be turned around and used for attacks. This puts policymakers in a tough spot – they need to push forward with innovation while making sure these advances don’t end up in the wrong hands or get misused. Of course, this is often a quixotic endeavor.

Incident Response and Recovery Mechanisms

One of the biggest hurdles in cybersecurity policymaking is the delay in decision-making by the government, often caused by bureaucracy, whereas cybercriminals move faster. For instance, the US Government Accountability Office, in 2010, made over 1,600 recommendations to address major cybersecurity challenges. However, as of May 2024, 14 years later, more than 500 of these recommendations were still not implemented.

While regulations often take years to update and change, bad actors can adapt their tactics almost instantly. This creates a fundamental problem: how can rigid, slow-moving policies keep up with threats that evolve at lightning speed?

When many policies are ready to be implemented, they’re already too late. This means they often can’t help organizations deal with the newest threats. However, regulators have started to shift their approach – instead of specific rules that become obsolete, they’re focusing on setting basic security standards that companies can build on and adapt based on their particular situations.

Conclusion

Looking ahead, we need to completely rethink how we handle cybersecurity policy. Instead of scrambling to patch holes after attacks happen, we need a coordinated approach that stays ahead of threats. Cyber resilience isn’t optional anymore – it’s as essential as physical infrastructure, and everyone from government to business leaders needs to respond accordingly.

About the Author:

Michael Usiagwu is an Entrepreneur, Tech Pr Expert and CEO of Visible Links Pro. He assists various organizations to stay abreast of the latest technology. Some of his insightful content can be seen in Readwrite, InfoSecurity Magazine, Hackernoon, and lots more. He’s very much open to assist organizations to increase their latest technology development. 

Editor’s Note: The opinions expressed in this guest author article are solely those of the contributor and do not necessarily reflect those of Tripwire, Inc.