These Linux distributions are best for developers – here's why

Ah, Linux! For the longest time, the open-source operating system was considered to be geared specifically for developers and computer scientists. Modern distributions are far more general purpose now — but that doesn’t mean there aren’t certain distros that are also ideal platforms for developers.

What makes a distribution right for developers? Although I consider app compatibility, stability, and flexibility to be essential attributes for most any Linux distribution, developers also need the right tools for their jobs — such as compilers, libraries, and emulators — as well as access to custom repositories and support for specialized hardware.

Also: The 5 best Linux distributions for students – from middle school to college

For those looking to shift their development to the open-source operating system, here’s my list of distributions that should be right up your alley.

1. Pop!_OS

Pop!_OS is built specifically for STEM and creative professionals who use their computers as a means to discover and create. The Pop!_OS desktop — currently transitioning toward the COSMIC Desktop — has been streamlined for efficient workflow and organization.

On top of that, you can customize your workflow, configuring it to be navigated primarily via the keyboard (which makes for a highly efficient interface). And with on-demand tiling, you can quickly switch between having the desktop manage window placement or doing it manually. 

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Another reason I place Pop!_OS on this list is that it comes pre-installed on System76 hardware, which helps make it run like an absolute beast for compiling your applications and testing. Pop!_OS also has access to apps for machine learning, engineering, media production, bioinformatics, and more.

You can download and install Pop!_OS for free.

2. Debian

Although I was tempted to place Ubuntu on this list, I opted to go with what many consider the “mother of all Ubuntu distributions.” The reason for this title is because so many distributions are based on Debian. If you plan on developing for an Ubuntu-based distribution, why not use the original?

Debian is also one of the oldest Linux distributions on the market and is often considered the most stable operating system available. On top of that, Debian boasts the largest number of repositories for open-source software, ensuring that it will have the tools you need to get the job done. You’d be hard-pressed to find a more reliable desktop OS for development with as much documentation as you’ll find in Debian.

Debian can be downloaded and installed for free.

3. Fedora Workstation

Fedora Workstation is a developer-favorite distribution — and for good reason. First off, it’s very fast. The developers of Fedora have created a desktop distribution that performs as though it’s a lightweight OS — but without having to lean on a bare-bones UI. On top of that, you’ll find the Developer Guide includes a wealth of developer-friendly documentation on topics ranging from development environments, code style, frameworks and tools, databases, and much more. You’ll also find the Fedora Developer Portal, where you can share your knowledge and learn from others. 

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There are also several Fedora spins that include different desktop environments, such as Plasma Desktop, Xfce, Cinnamon, Mate-Compiz, i3, LXQT, LXDE, SOAS, Sway, Budgie, and (of course) the default GNOME. No matter what desktop environment you want to develop for, Fedora has you covered.

You can download and install Fedora Workstation for free.

4. Arch Linux

Arch Linux is on this list for one specific reason. When you install Arch, you have total control over what’s installed, which means you can build an OS specifically suited to your needs. Because of the way Arch Linux is installed (it’s not easy), you’ll come away with a better understanding of how Linux works. You also get the latest kernel (and other software), via a rolling-release model, so all of your software is cutting-edge.

 And then there’s AUR — Arch User Repository — which is a community-driven software repository that includes nearly 100,000 packages for you to install. With AUR (and the PKGBUILD functionality) you can compile a package from source (using makepkg) and install it with pacman (the package manager). 

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The AUR is an important and central piece of the Arch Linux distribution but does require you to have a solid foundational understanding of how Arch works. You can also choose to use the BTRFS file system, which includes the ability to easily roll back if you run into problems.

Arch Linux can be downloaded and installed for free.

5. Raspberry Pi OS

The Raspberry Pi is an important ecosystem because it’s ideal for DIY developers wanting to create special apps and tools for specific purposes. For those wanting to develop gadgets, IoT devices, and other inventive things, Raspberry Pi OS is a great option. This is the official distribution, created by the Raspberry Pi manufacturer, built specifically for Raspberry Pi devices, and used for over 90% of Raspberry Pi projects. 

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The OS was first released in 2012 and uses the PIXEL Desktop (based on LXDE) and the Wayland graphics server. For anyone wanting to develop for Raspberry Pi devices, this is the OS to use.

Raspberry Pi OS can be downloaded and installed for free.